bushido_man96

Hehe, always liked that song...millions of peaches, peaches for free...

Its a loss. There may be no one to blame, as the other team was just better. Did Reid get out-coached? Maybe. I'm sure he stated as much. But I wouldn't fire him. There is always finger-pointing and blame-gaming after such a loss. Sometimes, teams just have a stinker. That was a stinker. OT needs to be addressed again in the off-season. The last two draft picks at the position have been bad. When you kick your All-Pro left guard out to left tackle, there are glaring issues at the position. Caliendo filled in at LG decently, but there's no doubt in my mind that if Thune was playing his guard position, then the results of the pass rush might have been different. Might have been. The Eagles has a talented front four, especially with a high-impact DT on a rookie contract. Although it was too little too late at the time, it was nice to see Worthy running past the defense and catching some deep balls. I hope to see more of that next season. With Rice back in the line-up as the underneath/screen receiver, Worthy should get chances to stretch the field more with his speed. I hope they can retain Hopkins and Brown, but if not, hopefully one of them stays. Reasons like you mention, @sensei8, are why I avoid the internet in general and social media particularly most of the time. It's just angry people venting, and it solves nothing. The last time Mahomes got shelled this bad in a Super Bowl, he came back and won two more. If that's what it takes, count me in. Of course, one never knows when the run will eventually end, and if this is it, then the Chiefs have brought home more than most. I'm glad I got to finally see it. Congratulations to the Philadelphia Eagles. See y'all next season. On a more positive note, the UFL kicks off in April I think. Anyone going to try to watch?

Eww, not a good sight.

Another round of testing done. It was another small one, as most of them seem to be anymore. We had one white belt kid that showed for regular class, so we used it as an opportunity to have her up in front going through material and offering advise on fixing things. This testing went from about 6:00 - 7:20 pm (by the time we got done with feedback afterwards). We started with some basics for warmups. We had a low green belt, a high green belt, and a high brown belt test. The high brown belt had to do three forms, all one-steps, sparring and board breaks. The others did their form, one-steps, and sparring. The following are some things that I saw. Hand techniques: I saw some low chambering, and it should be higher, crossing the arms in front of the face/neck area, but also out away from the body slightly, and not in like jamming oneself. I think of that crossing position as a defensive position in and of itself, and teach it that way. I saw some upper body techniques that were disjointed from their stances, and mostly from the low green belt. Good hand/foot timing (strike thrown and lands as the foot touches down) will help with this. I told them that stances help with power, and good hand/foot timing does as well. Getting this down will help with understanding how to generate power in the techniques even when not stepping into them. Along with this, I saw some "happy feet" in the forms, where they'd step into a stance and then fidget their feet around to adjust the stance before moving to the next, never really settling into the stance. I then went on to discuss comfort in stances, and how a practitioner must learn to "feel" when they are in the proper stance, and that the stance is done right (proper weight distribution, proper hip placement in regards to where the stance is centered, etc). I said they have to start developing that kinesthetic awareness of knowing where their body is and what it is doing in space. Some of the students are already starting to feel this, and some are rushing through things too much to feel it. Something else I saw was the pivot foot following the kick, and not pivoting during the kick or slightly before kicking. I told them they lose power and follow-through that way, as well as being not good for the knees. With that said, I did see power coming along in the forms quite well from last testing. They are starting to understand power generation, and hopefully the above comments will help them even more. Orange belt one-step #3....this is a takedown, and a couple of the students just "sat down" from the technique. I explained that the technique is a takedown (it's done with a step behind the attacker's front foot, like a trip, but also can be done as a reap at higher ranks). I told them that the attacker's job is to fall, and it should be a breakfall, with some slap and some noise, not a sit-down quietly. It means the defender is not doing it properly, and the attacker is not making them have to do it properly. I told the high green belt that she was using good footwork and body positioning in her sparring, staying bladed and not presenting big targets. I also heard too many apologies during sparring. A "sorry" here and there. I told them to stop doing that and just keep sparring. It's not uncommon to get someone jammed up, or bounce off their leg when kicking at the same time, and other such incidental contact. If something really untoward takes place, we'll stop the match and have a discussion about it. If you have to break momentarily for some reason, get reset, touch gloves, and go. The students did meet the requirements to pass, and they received their belts on the spot.

I would feel such a way. I don't want to create a bunch of bullies that are going out looking for an excuse to see if their skills will hold up. That is something that I think must be addressed in training, teaching not only techniques, but also the responsibility that comes with having to use them. Having good conversations with students about levels of use-of-force and the consequences that come with going overboard can be quite beneficial in that regard.

1/26/2025 Three Style Cross Training Seminar, Day 2, Session 2. This was the Shorin-Ryu session, and it's the second time I've been exposed to the Shorin-Ryu senseis. They are a great pair, and their students are awesome. Shorin-Ryu: 5:00 - 8:00 pm. We started out with variations of push-ups, and learning their basic stances. Along with the stances they covered some of their basic blocks, which don't differ too much from some things we do, just some different nuances in technique. We did body conditioning, to include a forearm striking drill with blocks, kicking the inside and the outside of the upper legs, punching to the stomach, and slapping the sides up and down. From there, the first instructor went into some self-defense techniques. On the first one, the attacker would do a "walk by and grab" at the forearm. The defender would re-grab with a knife hand and then go into an armbar. After working that variation, it was changed up by bringing the arm you re-grabbed up at the elbow and reversing the armbar into a shionage. Next was a defense against a bear hug attempt from the front. Defender would either drop step or step forward into a front stance while sending double palms to the abdomen/ribs and jolting them to a stop. The instructor also showed "hikite" from that position, grabbing handfuls of skin on the sides, high up on the ribs. Then we would close by stepping behind the attacker (or in front, depending on the leg that is forward) and load them onto the hips for a hip throw. Finish with an armbar. With the initial step, being in an open stance with the attacker is ideal, as it allows for the step behind hip throw, whereas stepping closed stance requires you to step forward in front of them, really deep, and load the hips and throw. It can still be done, and I liked both variations (I actually liked the challenge of the closed stance variation). Then we did defense of bear hug from behind. The defense started like the beginning of Yoo Sin hyung, dropping into sitting stance/raising elbows up to prevent grab. Ideally, you shift the left or right slightly to split the center. Then it was headbutt backwards, shove the hands forward and hips back to break their balance and make space, and then they'd reach down and grab the attacker's foot and pull it up between your legs, tripping them by sitting on their knee. Finish with a kick. That concluded the first half of Shorin-Ryu session, and the other instructor took over from there. We finished with one more self-defense technique, a bully choke defense. It was very similar to those that I've taught in the past. Turn away from the choke, strike to the groin and drop to a knee, with the "up" knee behind them. Reach inside hand around to hook chin or face or eye or something, and pull them back over the knee to drop them to the ground. While pushing the head down, grab/hook the leg or grab clothing and pull the leg up as you push the head down (turning a big steering wheel). We could drop the knee down to allow for a nicer fall for our partner. We could finish by securing an armbar. After that, we went into some technique work. We did front thrust kicks (as opposed to snap kicks, that we do mostly in class), then we kicked the shields. More pad work followed: jab/cross/adjust to front thrust kick on the shields, then we did elbow strikes on the shields (forward elbow strikes). We finished on the shields with knee strikes in a clinch, and then moved to mitt work. We did jab/cross/duck the mitt. The mitt work was finished with a really fast repeating round kick drill. Mitt was held out, and the kicker would do a step together round kick, strike the mitt, then step down feet together and step back to the start position, then repeat. So it was step up kick, step back, then step up kick again, over and over, till it burned and you wanted to stop. We did both legs that way. Good time. After the bag work, the instructor had his students demo their forms, each one doing a different one. I saw some Pinans, some Bassai, and a Naihanchi in there, too. They were fun to watch, and they were very solid in their performance. After the demo, he talked about bunkai, and the process of working bunkai from the techniques. He put together a "kata" on the spot, 3 moves to the left, 3 to the right, and then demonstrated the process for pulling bunkai out for each segment. It was a lot of fun, and it's a part of forms practice I've always studied on and wanted to spend more time doing. We finished with some meditation. This last section was a tough one on me, one, because my body was pretty sore from the rest of the weekend. Two, because the AFC Championship game was on! I offered apologies ahead of time because I turned on my phone to keep track of the game while we were training.... Overall, this was a fantastic weekend of training, led by a bunch of great martial artists that really enjoyed training and learning from others. Everyone was super gracious and appreciative of what they took from each session. This kind of training is what the Martial Arts community is really all about.

Congrats to the HOF inductees. Congrats to the Sharpe brothers on being the first pair of siblings in the HOF.

Thank you for that, @Wastelander! I'll print that out for sure!

What most people don't realize is how close-in self-defense actually takes place. It'd be nice to keep it at kicking range, but that just isn't the case most times.

So sorry to hear this. May he rest in peace. Who will be his successor?

The Tenets of TKD: Courtesy: Treat others with respect, be polite, encourage a sense of justice and humanity, and being helpful to your fellow man. "The Golden Rule." Integrity: Do the right thing, and do the thing right. I've often heard it said that integrity is doing the right thing even when no one is looking. Being honest, not lying, and putting forth your best efforts in order to benefit others. Perseverance: When things are going right, going smooth, and come easy, it's easy to keep going. Perseverance is doing so when things aren't easy, aren't smooth, and you'd rather be doing something else. Setting goals and following through with them to the end. Not giving up. "Patience leads to virtue or merit." Don't be "the little engine that could." Instead, be "the little engine that does." Self-Control: In actions, words, deeds, and thoughts. "With great power comes great responsibility." As Martial Artists, we have a duty to those around us to exercise self-control. We should be seeking to make things better around us. Indomitable Spirit: "Seven times down, eight times up!" Training in Martial Arts can drive our bodies to the breaking point at times. Indomitable spirit is what keeps us going. A mental strength to keep trying and to keep working, even when our bodies say "stop!" Doing what's right, even in the face of persecution. These are very brief descriptions; I'm sure pages could be written on each, and probably already have by better people than me. But these are but a glimpse into our dojang tenets.

It probably does happen, but I'm willing to believe that it isn't pursued a lot. The ones that do do it, though, will cast an ill shadow on the rest of the industry, which sucks.

1/26/2025 Three Style Cross Training Seminar, Day 2, Session 1. Aikido: 12:30 - 3:30 pm. This session was taught solely by the sensei of my Aikido dojo. We started talking about some body mechanics and how the "unbendable arm" theory applies to the connecting of the body together in order for it to be strong and structured. After some time experiencing this principle, we did a couple variations of iriminage. I'm getting a little better at picking up the little nuances of the techniques. We did some weapons defenses, using a tanto upside down as a beer bottle/club attack, defending with a "buddy drop" technique after getting behind the attacker. Next was a kotegashi defense against a knife thrust with a takedown and disarm to finish. Next was some rolling work. I help up ok doing this. I started very low and really tried to focus on the nuances of the roll. We augmented the rolling by getting some help from a partner to simulate more of a breakfall. This, I seemed to struggle with. I know my descriptions here make it seem like there wasn't as much accomplished in this session, but we did quite a few repetitions on each section and really got a lot done, and I really enjoyed it.

Oh, Bob, it pains me to hear this! I'll be praying for you my friend. Keep up the good fight!

With your permission, @Wastelander, I'm going to put together a printout of your explanation above and the other article to perhaps present to the other black belts at our school as an alternate training method.

That makes sense, thanks for the clarification. I do see the value in the training, and it is worth incorporating into our training.

Taekwondo Textbook, vol 1, Introduction to Taekwondo, put out by Kukkiwon. They've supposedly "updated" the history of TKD section, so I'll be interested to read that.

Yeah, crazy deal. Some explanations should be forthcoming on that incident. Prayers to all their families.

That Tucker thing is quite the deal. There will probably be a large settlement that comes out of that. I think the Saints will bring in McCarthy. Not sure why, just seems like the right pick for that organization.

Thanks for reading, @Wastelander! I'm glad you enjoyed it. It's cool to see we have similar thoughts on the subject. Love it!

1/25/2025 Three Style Cross Training Seminar, Day 1, Session 2 This session was the TKD session. The CI of our school taught the first session, I taught the second, and an instructor from out of Colorado Springs taught the third. The three of us got to talking, and we all hit it off really well, and hopefully will be doing some networking in the future. TKD: 5:00 - 8:00 pm. Hour 1: Our school owner taught this one, and I went around and assisted. He covered some of our basic stances, and how they differ from how others do them. We did some basic punching in sitting stance, stepping and lunge punching in front stances, and did advancing front kicks and side kicks. With advancing and punching, he talked about what I call "hand-foot timing," getting that strike out just as the foot lands for maximum power and weight behind it, along with generating power from the hips. He spent quite a bit of time on the technical aspects of techniques, especially the side kick. He finished with a partner drill where one partner would just move in and present a target and the other partner would move into a position to strike a vital point or valid target area. Some students ended up turning it into a bit of free-flowing back-and-forth, but it seemed like everyone was having fun. When doing the techniques, he spent some time in breaking down the differences from how some of the other styles would approach them; like our front stance has both feet pointing straight forward, whereas the Karateka tend to have the back foot pointed out at more of a 45 degree angle, maybe a little less than that. He was pushing for them to work with our way of doing it to see the difference. Hour 2: This was my session. Some time ago, I came up with a class idea to hopefully work with our black belts on focused around tai-sabaki that shows up in our one-step sparring. The focus wasn't on doing our TKD one-steps, but on using the initial movements to get into positions to avoid being attacked and to hopefully gaining a positional advantage while avoiding the attack. I started by demonstrating a few of our one-steps with the CI, showing the order of operations for starting the one-step, attacker doing his attack, and the defender responding with the one-step and then finishing and resetting for the next. This was also mainly to show some of the initial body shifting that we'd be using in the session. Then I had everyone partner up. The attacker would go to the traditional start position, which was step back right leg into left front stance, left down block and kihap/kiai. The Karate students were familiar with ippon kumite, so they were pretty well set here. It was new for the Aikido students, though. The defender would then yell to signal ready to start, and the attacker would step forward and right lunge punch. At this point, I showed them what body shift I wanted them to work with, and do that back and forth. After a few, I had them add a block of their choice while shifting (in case their shift was a little late, or to help control a limb), then after some reps they would add an attack after the block, or just attack if the block was not needed or wanted. I also made them do the drill from both sides, which meant the attackers had to step back and block on the opposite side to start. This threw off our own students a bit, as they had never experimented with that. Here are the shifts I had them work through: 1. Stepping straight back into a back stance. It doesn't really gain positional advantage, but it is basic and gets away from the attack. 2. Stepping forward at an angle to the outside of the attack in front stance. This provides great target opportunities on their flank and reduces the number of weapons they can bring to bear. 3. Stepping to the inside of the attack at an angle in a back stance. This usually involved the inside foot shifting slightly towards the outside foot to make a good angle. This direction is not as ideal as #2, due to the attacker still having all his tools to bring to bear. However, it does provide the defender with lots of targets on the attacker, and it can put the defender in a position I refer to as "crossing the T," where the defender is side-on to the attacker, who is full facing the defender. Great for sparring. With each of those, we went up the ladder of adding blocks, blocks/strikes, or just strikes, or joint locks for the Aikidoka or takedowns for the grapplers. I didn't assign specific techniques for the students to do. I'd give suggestions here and there, and offer up my feedback as a TKDer if they asked. My goal was that I wanted them to see how they could apply their art or what they had learned earlier in the BJJ session. The last variation that I did was to make the drill more real-life scenario. Instead of the front stance/down block start position (because that's how fights start, right?...), I had the attacker take a more aggressive stance, and the defender was put in a "fence" position (hands up and open, strong leg back, in a placating position to deescalate, but also ready to move and defend/attack). I allowed any attack the attacker wanted to throw; punch, kick, takedown attempt, etc. I thought it went really well, and the students were thinking and exploring, which was the point of it all. I think they all liked it, and I had a blast teaching it. Hour 3: This Master Instructor talked a lot about having a self-defense mindset and being aggressive with blocks and strikes. He demonstrated how to shorten the blocking and striking techniques from the more traditional variations done in forms/hyung/katas while still getting power into the techniques with the hips. We drilled getting outside on straight punches with a quick block, then to securing the arm by staying connected for a break or some other control option. We did the same for push front kicks, getting outside and blocking, then turning the block into a hooking/scooping motion to secure the foot, then strike to the knee with a hard "inside block" technique. He also talked about de-sensitivity training (he uses a drill where he lets students slap in the face) to show that taking a glancing blow won't derail your chances at successfully defending yourself. This had more to do with that self-defense mindset. His goal was to make their day a bad day by choosing the wrong target. He finished with a drill in using the double knife hand block (with chamber folded in front, as opposed to reaching back for the chamber, which I like better anyway) to defend a haymaker style punch in much the same way that I've taught the startle-flinch response in SPEAR DT training. Very cool. He had a great approach to training, and it was all great stuff. This finished out day one of the seminar. Lots of good training, and everyone was so appreciative of everyone's different styles and approaches.

I definitely see this as a good exercise to train with others and bounce ideas off of. If you would try to make it a competition, what kind of protective gear would you require, and how would you set up the point system?

Thanks for the reminder of this from the other thread! It was good to revisit. I like the idea of starting with the connections. My BJJ coach is always talking about establishing connections, usually at two points, in order to break balance and set up takedowns or clinches. One thing I did notice is the lack of respect for the strikes in the sessions. The focus falls to the joint locking and takedowns, and I saw a few strikes that were simulated to the face that was there no reaction to. I don't know if this is something that is more effective in the harder version of the drill, but it was something I noticed. I can see lots of value in doing this drill while cross-training with other styles, especially grapplers.

@DarthPenguin, school size in the state of Kansas is categorized by 1A-6A, with 1A being the schools with the smaller enrollment and 6A having the highest enrollment. This year, we dropped from 2A to 1A. For the purposes of wrestling at the high school level, 1A, 2A, and 3A schools are combined for regionals and state tournament. Kenneth competed in their league tournament today, but it did not go well. He lost his first match getting pinned in the first period, and lost his second match getting pinned in the second period. I thought he had something going in the second match, getting a position he wanted, but the opponent did some slick reverse and threw him right over onto his back. Both were upper classmen, both juniors if I recall. One might have been a senior. The way the cross bracketing fell, he didn't get a chance to face the other underclassman in the bracket, who I think he would have beaten handily. But, we've got some more work to do yet, and regionals is a few weeks away. That will determine if he can get into the state tournament or not.

This article springs from reading the book Ho Sin Sul; Conceptual Self Defense, by Daeshik Kim and Jung Nam Lee. On pp. 17-18 of that book is a section titled “Levels of Application.” Reading that section made me think right away about the use-of-force continuum that applies heavily to law enforcement, but also how there is a force continuum that applies to civilians as well. Although a civilian won’t be held to the same standard that a law enforcement officer would, a continuum still applies, and if instructors neglect to instruct their students on this along with teaching physical self-defense, they do their students a disservice. I have written a previous article titled Force Continuum for the Civilian Martial Artist, which can be referenced here: After reading this section of the book, I felt like it provided a framework to start from for an actual civilian use-of-force continuum. It could probably be better fleshed out, but it’s at the least a good place to start the conversation from. According to Kim and Lee, there are five possible levels of application: Escape, Control, Breaking, Take Down, and Final Response/Take Out. As a law enforcement defensive tactics instructor, complying with the use-of-force continuum is a very important aspect of training. As a Martial Arts instructor of the general public, I find it’s an important topic to present to them in order to do the best job I can in helping them protect themselves from an attack, and in a courtroom should their actions land them there. Reading this section of this book sparked a fire, and I hadn’t written anything in a while, so here we are. Brace yourselves, I’m going to ramble. Level 1: Escape Described by Kim and Lee on pp. 17: This level would be very low on what I would refer to as the “civilian use-of-force continuum.” If you can respond to an attack in such a way as to deter the attacker’s original intent, then that’s a win. Most predators are looking for easy prey; they don’t want to get hurt and they don’t want to get caught. Any sign of resistance, such as releasing confidently from a grab and getting into a defensive position, could convince them they’ve chosen the wrong target. What would be even better is learning to recognize pre-contact cues that would help you recognize that an attack is coming and move into position pre-emptively for a solid defense. At this point, enough has been done that going up the use-of-force continuum may not be necessary. Remember, I am discussing self-defense situations here, which are often ambush attacks, and not a mutual, squared-up challenge to a fight. Those are two very different scenarios. Level 2: Control As stated by Kim and Lee in paragraph two, pp. 17: At this point, we are looking at gaining control of the attacker as opposed to escaping. Perhaps this is someone who “just wants to fight” and so continues with their aggression. As Kim and Lee state, by gaining control through some lock or hold, we are in position to assess the threat levels and give commands to gain compliance. This is very much what I teach the law enforcement officers I instruct, as it is necessary to avoid excessive use-of-force while accomplishing the goal of apprehension. In the civilian instance, apprehension is not the goal. Escape is the goal. The civilian martial artist can use this position of control to determine what kind further force is necessary, with their safety as the primary goal. The civilian martial artist can still give commands to gain compliance. If compliance is gained and it is safe, we can hold until help or authorities arrive, or disengage and get to safety, and use-of-force can stop. The most important aspect of use-of-force is taken from this section: This is what I emphasize to not only the officers I instruct, but also to our students when teaching self-defense, and when teaching self-defense seminars. It is not impossible for the person attacked to have roles reversed and become the aggressor, depending on the circumstances. When enough is accomplished and an attacker is retreating, chasing them down to “teach them a lesson” can end up with an otherwise good person facing some charges themselves. These can be extreme circumstances, to be sure, often the stuff of movies, but it can and does happen. It is important to work in scenarios when training, and to provide opportunities for the practitioners to see where they have gone far enough in self-defense, and when they have gone too far. De-briefing scenarios afterwards is a good way to learn. Level 3: Breaking The last part of paragraph two, pp. 17, states: This is where we get to the point in self-defense where things are becoming really serious. Sometimes, something can happen so fast and a defender could be so afraid of great bodily harm or death that they commit to a technique 100%, and with such speed and conviction that a joint or bone gets broken in the process. If this is an unintended occurrence, a defender should be sure to articulate that in the wake of the situation. When sliding up and down the force continuum, it is important to not only be able to articulate how one felt when defending themselves, but also the words and actions of the attacker, especially one with weapons. If they say, “I’m going to kill you,” that would be important to articulate later on in justifying the amount of force you used. I placed emphasis in the phrase of the above quote for a reason; to emphasize that the most extreme use-of-force is not necessary in every situation. Again, it is important to assess the situation as it develops to determine how to continue. I know this is easier said than done, but it is still an important aspect to train. If a weapon is involved, control becomes even more important, and an attacker’s reluctance to relinquish that weapon may lead you further up the use-of-force continuum. A solid control hold may have to result in a break of the joint/limb, which could be easily justifiable. Even a person without a weapon who continues to fight and demonstrates intent to harm you may require that you break a bone or joint in order to get them to stop. This can be very easily justifiable. Level 4: Take Down Kim and Lee, paragraph four on pp. 17: If controlling the opponent in a hold isn’t working, a takedown may be necessary. It can be easier to control someone on the ground by limiting their mobility, as opposed to standing and the attacker still having some mobility. It’s important to note that this step can be reached without breaking a joint or limb in level three. The takedown could be one of two varieties. One, in which the attacker and defender both end up on the ground, with the defender hopefully in a controlling position, preferably on top. The other, in which the defender is still standing, and the attacker has either been forced down to the ground in a controlled manner or slammed to the ground via throw. Both have their pros and cons, and preference will likely be based on the defender’s skill level and knowledge base (BJJ/wrestler vs Aikido/Hapkido/Traditional Jujitsu). A slam could be disabling, but if it isn’t warranted, it could become problematic later on. If a weapon is involved, justification for a disabling takedown is much easier. Now, I would be remiss in stating the obvious here in that it would not be necessary to go through levels one, two, and three in order to get to level four to justify a takedown. This book was published in 1988, and since that time ground fighting has become much more prominent. Many skilled practitioners would be comfortable in taking an adversary to the ground from the start of a confrontation. One could also argue that a takedown falls into level two, control. It's important to keep in mind that use-of-force can be fast-changing and isn’t always fluid. Kim and Lee state in paragraph five on pp. 17 and 18: In the early days of use-of-force in law enforcement, it was called the use-of-force “ladder,” in which it was expected that you crawled up each “rung” of the “ladder” in order, one at a time (or that was the argument, anyway). It is now taught as a “continuum” on which one can escalate or deescalate at any time based on how the situation evolves and changes. A situation could very easily go from a simple escape, to a presented weapon and the need to defend life with deadly force. Always analyze and reassess! Level 5: Final Response As Kim and Lee mention here, this level is at the top of the force continuum. They speak of striking the opponent most likely while they are down, or choking them out, in order to neutralize them. When considering this course of action, it is very important to be justified in doing so. It may be that the attacker refuses to relent, or that a weapon is still a clear and present threat. Many things can come into consideration, and I cover those in my other article (size disparity, female vs male, age disparity, etc.). The authors don’t actually mention using lethal force, but this is the point at which it could come into play if necessary. It would be for the best if mere incapacitation could be achieved. As I have said previously, a defender must constantly analyze and reassess the situation in order to protect themselves other than physically. To quote Kim and Lee again: Conclusion I hope this has been informative and interesting to read, as well as helpful when considering self-defense. I love to delve into the use-of-force continuum and how it relates to self-defense. If it generates some discussion, that’s great as well. Thanks for reading my ramblings!