Killer Miller

Cross, there's a magic bubble or distance (so-to-speak) that is taught in Shotokan. If you're opponent is that area you either attack or move to a safe distance and let them attack. With the hands in the position that we teach, it is difficult for an attacker to get in close as you refer to. As far as guarding the head or groin area, it's no problem at all with this hand position - it's just a quick block to the head or groing and then quickly back to the sparring center or ready position. It's far more difficult than you might think. I can count on my hand how many times someone has broken through that hand positioning with me. That's why there is a lot of timing training... The idea is for your opponent (or yourself) to "draw out" or create an opening for a split second to create an opening for an attack - that's what Karate is truly all about. Additionally, with the body at 45 degrees, it's almost impossible for the attacker to execute an effective punch to your mid section. At the 45 degree positioning the punches just glide off your body if they do break through your guard. Now the idea is to throw off your opponents timing enough to create an opening and also position yourself to where you are punching straight on to your opponent. A final note about Shotokan. We train mostly to attack the mid-section instead of the head or goin. It is extremely difficult to land an effective atttack to the mid-section. Therefore, it requires a lot more training, timing training, etc. to develop the skills necessary to create such an opening and be effective. As far as attacking to the head or groin, it's a piece of cake. I could nail someone anytime I want to the head or groin - it's very easy to do if you get close enough to me. However, to nail someone in the mid-section requires a lot more training and talent. - Killer -

By Karate standards, yes. Although it provides execellent blocking to the face and groin, there's much more to that hand positioning than what most realize. It's in that general position for various reasons, such as: * Sweeping type of blocks. * To guide the attack away from your body instead of having to muscle it when it gets too close to the body. * To easily grab or throw. * To block sight-of-attack from your opponent. * With the elbows inward to your body, it provides the shortest, most efficient and direct course to your target. * With the body at a 45 degree angle, as well as elbows in, it provides "no" opening to the mid-section at all... * Etc., etc... We don't worry much about swweps and attacks to the lower section because we just move out of the way or bring our knees up as a third arm for blocking - and perhaps a quick sweep or kick afterwards. I could go on for many other reasons why we do this, but I think you get the general idea. - Killer -

If the thumbs are on the "side" of the fist, this would be very much incorrect by Shotokan standards. However, some styles do teach it. Although, one of their hands does have the thumb underneath like it should. Another technical note is that their wrists on three of the hands are bent a little - also a big no no by Shotokan standards. But I'm not holding any of that against them because I know it's a posed picture. The point is, many or most people will see this picture and assume that it accurately represents Shotokan from a technical perspective - and it does not... It's just a pose and nothing more. - Killer - Is it me or are their thumbs really on the side of the fists?

Definately a posed photo stance, and a bad one at that for Shotokan standards... It looked like one of those remote location clubs that doesn't get into the big city much for training. However, that stance would normally be used (with good technique that is) after returning from Gyaku-zuki and quickly returning to the stance shown as an aggressive ready sparing stance. You would then punch, sweep, throw your opponent as continuing to move in a forward manner as the aggresser. Moreover, the stance they posed would actually be your normal sparring stance, except a much higher stance for quick mobility. Then you would go into the lower stance technique for the kill - so to speak. There was actually nothing wrong with the posed example except that is was a poor demonstration of technique and the wrong application for what they were posing. - Killer -

You know, for years people and friends have asked me as to what my oppinion is of a certain style or art is. I will never give them my opinion because that is like discussing religion. I tell them that if the class is structured, and it improves one's way of life (physically or mentally), and you enjoy the classes, then it's a good thing regardless of what my style opinions are. What's this have to do with the topic? The above is to imply that an instructor should always "try" to better all of his students. This includes respect and being attentive, creative and resourceful in your classes, as well as sincerity, caring, and a good friend out of class. You also have a liability if you suggest or imply using the art you teach outside of the class for less honorable reasons. Therefore, you have a legal obligation, as an instructor, to inquire as to why someone is coming into the class injured. For example, was another student bullying other students? Was you student fighting in general? Does the student live in a bad area and gets beat up on his/her way home? Was the student abused at home (which should always be reported)? If it is determined that you allow or that you imply that the miuse of the art is ok, then legal action could be taken on your part - not a good thing... An instructor has the moral and legal obligation to ensure the students are properly taught and they maintain a positive physical and mental outlook in life in the process. This is and on-going process that changes with the art and society's concerns in general. In closing, you can't ignore student concerns and must try to resolve all issues and concerns before they escalate or become harmful to themselves or other persons. It is always a good idea to write a summary to document the discussion for future legal references as well. But still be a friend in the process. - Killer -

Knowing that this practise is wide spread, a friend of mind in MA and myself was bored one Saturday. So we went to Every MA shool in the area to see how they "sold" their art to us. We were doing this for purely entertainment value. Considering that he was from out of town, and I was JKA and didn't associate with the other clubs in the area, they didn't know who we were (although, if I had I said my name, they would have known - I let my friend do all the introductions)... We were very respectful just the same. So we asked all of the typical question that most beginners ask like "what is Karate, where was Karate started from," etc. Then we would ask surprise questions that they wouldn't expect like "what is the noise everyone makes, why do you make that noise, how do you develop power, what do you feel is the most important aspect of Karate, etc... And depending on the art or style we visited, you would replace the word Karate with their art. It was very entertaining to see their responses to these questions. About 70% of the schools would start to fumble for words at this point, or start getting offended, or try to avoid the questions all together. The rest of the 30% were right there answering our questions and keeping their calm with us. It's was probably a low thing for us to do, but I have to tell you, it was actually a lot of fun to do. So if you have a slow, boring day, go have some fun, get out there and see who's in your neighborhood. - Killer -

I've won many tournaments by myself - I just didn't share it with the rest of the participants... :0) - Killer -

I was going to comment but Delta1 answered it so well... All body movement comes from the center of the body (lower diaphragm) that initiates muscle contraction/expansion. The entire body moves as one in unison. The entire body is far more powerful, and far more effortless, than any one movement or group of body movements. Oh, well. I guess I ended up commenting anyhow... - Killer -

Good article. Mizu No Kokoro! - Killer -

gojuchad makes a good point. It goes back to the Japanese saying of "Mizu No Kokoro" (Mind Like Water). You have to maintain a calm readiness when sparring. You don't necessarily plan what you do in sparring, you react to what your oponent is doing. If you see an opening early on, then react to it and attack. However, if both persons are reading each other's body and breathing timing very well, then you might want to create an opening by drawing your oponent to you, then attacking or block-attacking as your naturally trained reaction. To think what you are going to do brings emotion in to your mind for sparring. This causes you to tense up and restrict blood flow to your body and brain. This minimizes natural reactive body action. For example: You say to yourself "I'm going to attack you first!" You have not properly read or felt your oponent's body or breathing timing, you have already pre-determined what action you are going to take. Your oponent has read your body breathing timing by your tensing or change in breathing and by the time you are thinking about attacking, he reacts and blasts you without hesitation. There are many concepts in Japanese Karate such as Sen, Sen-no-sen, Sen-go-no-sen, Kake-waza, Sasoi-waza (sp?), etc. that are used to develop this calm readiness and breathing timing concepts. If you are not reactive in your sparring, you have not learned the art yet. Being a lower belt, or beginner of the arts, it would not be expected that you understand these concepts yet. But just give it time, you'll come around. - Killer -

Go to the Articles section and see my article on Mind Dumping. It applies specifically to what you are talking about. Also, P.A.L. has some good advice as well. Start and end strong in Kata - that's primarily what the judges see in judging so many katas. Make "big" actions on all techniques with good and proper breathing. Rest the night/day before and give your body a chance to rest - don't wear yourself out for the tournament. If you don't know your kata the day before, you won't know it during competition... The competition will be the true test as to if you really know your kata as well as you think you do. - Killer -

1. Never let him get close enough to push you. Step to the side or some similar action. 2. In order for someone to push you, they must move the arms in a relaxed state prior to tensing and pushing with the arms and body. 3. When they go to push you, meaning that they'll have to cover a little distance to get to you, you will simply catch their arms in a relaxed state and sweep them to one side or the other of you. Anotherwise, deflecting their arm motion/direction just out side of your body as they start the pushing motion. Their force and momentum will do the rest. 4. After two or three times of them being unsuccessful, they will think twice and typically stop without a confrontation. If they do try to confront you, you already have the advantage of them being off-balance to do pretty much whatever you want to do with the - in case it gets nasty. But usually it does not escalate to this level. - Killer -

Heian Nidan is taught at 7th kyu in Shotokan. - Killer -

47MartialMan, I can understand how you would feel this way in a Shotokan tournament. But in Shotokan, we view a tournament differently than most other MA tournaments. A Shotokan tournament is primarily a Test more than it is a sport competition. This is a test of how well you have trained Shotokan based upon Shotokan concepts of the art. What is Shotokan's premise of training? Primarily "one" chance to kill the oponent with "one" clean, killing, blow or technique applied with perfect timing. This may sound like an easy goal for one "whole" point, but it's not. The judges are going to be Shotokan, because it "is" Shotokan. That's why I said we have very specific rules compared to other styles (or outsiders). This is why we typically don't invite outsiders to our tournaments. We may allow other organizations if we feel they are similar or the same in determining a point in Kumite - or point(s) in terms of Kata. But outsiders are too different for our judges to award points based on our rules. Now if it's a sanctioned tournament, there could be no outsiders at all. But a non-sanctioned tournament, this could be allowed. However, I don't agree with the Shotokan club that promoted a tournament to outsiders as well (he was just probably money hungry and tried to draw a larger crowd!). There are too many differences, and yes all of the judges are going to be Shotokan, and another art that is very different to ours would not score or place based on our rules. Shotokan is more of an art within a very close circle of practioners. It is not a public, or local sport that many other MA or Kick-boxing events are that are more in-line with the general public MA events. Trust me, we are not this way to disrespect, demean, or imply that anyone is inferior to us, just different than our practices - that's all. It's very difficult to award you points and allow you to place when you don't truly understand our art and how we score. Unfortunately, most outsiders don't understand this and get very offended - and I could see why as well... Finally, don't get me wrong either, if an outsider has enough similarities in our style, and is quite good at it, we have no problem in awarding them points or allowing them to place - but I have to tell you that this is very rare... Sorry you got a bad taste in your mouth about this subject, but it's usually not nearly as personal as many of you perceive. Most of the Shotokan judges are a lot more fair than you might think. - Killer -

I actually wouldn't disagree with this. Shotokan tournaments have very specific requirements in terms of how a point is determined that is very different from other styles. It's very likely that an outsider of the style will not place. And I will also agree that there are bias towards various participants in many tournaments. But this bias is common to insiders as well as outsiders. And I know that this bias also occurs in other organization's tournaments as well. I'm not saying it's right, but it is a problem with all arts and sports... This is part of the difficulty of getting Karate/Martial arts as an olympic sport. No-one can agree on the standards of judging and whom the judges will be that will maintain a non-biased view. - Killer -

I don't see any hard-core Shotokan practitioners posting on this thread... Let me state my observance. Most of the posts I've seen on this thread and their styles demonstrate a weak internal and external style. You lack the internal and external aspects of the Martial Arts. You lack speed, power and agility... Just Kidding! However, I made the above statement only to make a point. Had I said the above and truly meant that or believed that, you would have been very upset with me and felt that you were under attack. In fact, I bet many of you were gettting pretty heated by the above statement... I bet many of you were thinking "how could someone make such a statement about my style when he obviously knows nothing about it." The fact is, you're right, I know "nothing" or "very little" about your styles. I could ask questions about your styles for comparisons. I could discuss technical/spiritual differences between the styles. But I could not make statements about your styles because I would have a clue about them. That's how I feel when I see posts about shotokan from practioners that have never trained, or have trained very little with Shotokan. There are assumptions about shotokan that are not true or don't accurately reflect the art. This is not a flame or intended to be a flame, I just wanted to reverse the picture a bit here as fuel for thought on further discussions. - Killer -

Actually, you are only 1/3 correct. It takes good form and technique to generate speed, then after the speed is generated, you must convert that speed into power or force being applied (which again is achieved via good form, stance, and a solid foundation during impact of the strike.) - Killer -

Morning is great for basics and cardio stuff - limber you up and get the blood flowing for the day. Afternoon/evening is great for learning more advanced technicques and other things. - Killer -

Let's ask ourselves as to what a Kata is? 'A series of movements/techniques against one or more immanginary opponent(s). Now, if he wants to design his own Kata based on the visualization of technique that he knows, against immaginary opponents, why not??? When we visualize various combinations of techniques to perfect their application, isn't this a type of Kata? Didn't we kind of make up its application during practicing it? Couldn't this be a kata is we put several combination of techniques together and immagine we were really defending ouselves? Although, I would think of more things to do during practice than to make up my own Katas, but it's certainly reasonable for someone to want to make their own if they choose to do so... - Killer -

Kiba-dachi is more of a practice tool based on how you normally train - anotherwise punching when in stance. Practical use of it is another story - but yet very useful in its application. Stance: 1. Two shoulder widths wide. 2. Knees bent over the front toe - Note: this does not mean past the toe as many see to misunderstand this. It means over the front toe as in on top of and not past. This is critical to kiba-dachi. This distributes the weight over the center of the feet so you have good stability forward and aft. 3. Heavy outside tension of the knees. This allows good grip of the floor and the coil/spring effect when needing to move quickly from side-to-side. 4. Feet exactly straight ahead and flat to the floor - not off in an angle. Use: 1. Punching/blocking in close with no time to change stance. Basically drop and punch/block. 2. Blocking to the side - outside forearm block for example. 3. Blocking/punching low or to the ground punching. 4. Stepping side-to-side kicking - snap or thrust kick. 5. Quick side-to-side movement via stepping or shifting. 6. Sweeping when in close to the opponent. Typically a quick sweep and returning quickly to your stance for another action. 7. Etc... Kiba-dachi is critical and must be practiced continually for effective application. - Killer -

This is a tough question to answer on specifics. For example, my Mind Dumping article only focuses on one primary aspect of mind dumping. But there are as many aspects of mind dumping or meditation as there are people. Now in the general sense of meditation, take a quick look as to what you are actually doing. Your are executing various breathing techniques that relaxes you. This relaxation relaxes "all" muscles (for the most part). This relaxation dramatically improves blood flow and oxygen to the blood. This allows the body to regenerate for one thing, it also alllows good blood flow to the brain. Thus, clear thought and hightened senses of all parts of the body (nerves not inhibited or irritated) are a result. With this accomplished, depending on your purpose of meditating, you can better relax, repair some minor body damage through increased blood flow, visualize better, etc... It's a very personal experience that only you can relate to and many times can't be explained. However, once fully understanding these concepts of meditation, and then practice or apply them with physical movement or activities, you can greatly enhance or heighten what ever you do - be it typing, playing guitar, sports, etc... It's a training tool as well as just being good for personal health. Don't try to go to the level of were you don't understand or enjoy what you are doing. Just do it to the level that it has some meaning to you and that's it. If you want to take it further or deaper, do it. It won't hurt. - Killer -

If you looked at it from a body mechanics perspective, yes there is truly only one correct answer - which would make it "the answer." I'm not trying to imply that there are not variations of these mechanics. And many styles may or may not follow these mechanics to the tee or appropriately. And there are some styles/systems that just have poor technique period... They would not have a clue about these mechanics. But for maximum potential, and at very high and perfected levels of any style, I'm confident that these mechanics are the same. I've seen a lot of people argue these mechanics in the past. Then I see them training, and they (or the higher levels of their art) are using the exact same body mechanics and were not aware that they were. But yet I see or discuss at high levels of their art, and they're pretty much the same thing - just explained a little different. - Killer -

What I'm discussing is not style specific. It's general body mechanics regardless of the style. If you are doing a different stance where the front leg is no longer the supporting leg, as you mention above, then the rear leg might momentarily become the supporting leg. Such as: Maybe quickly lifting your front foot resting it on the ball. Now the rear leg becomes the supporting leg of your weight - not the leg on the ball of your foot. The supporting leg does not have to always be constant in a posture for sparring or defense, the supporting leg can change many times in a few seconds. I think you are under the impression, like many are, that our style walks around like stiff robots or something. We can be quite light on our feet (just like any other style), and the supporting leg changes constantly. But without at least one leg supporting, you have no balance or stability in your stance or action. So are you saying that in your system you accomplish a significantly lowered stance (lower center of gravity) without lengthing or widening your stance? I'd surely like to see a realistic example of that happening. And I never stated that we don't bend the knees. I stated that it is not the primary factor of a lower center of gravity. Bending the knees obviously will lower your center a little, but not practically and you wouldn't normally do it by just bending your knees. Try this... Close your eyes, stand in ready position, slowly bend your knees and feel when the weight distribution is exactly at the center of your foot/feet. Then open your eyes and see where the tip of your knee(s) is/are at. It will be just about at the tip of your toe(s). For you to argue this fact tells me that you have never tried this. And for you to come back to me and tell me it's not true, I will definately know that you are not admitting the true results of the experiment. Also, I never indicated to go past the toe, but up and over the toe (meaning not past the tip). Based on your comment I'm thinking you might have misunderstood what "over" the toe means - Over the top and not past. Don't put words in my mouth. I never said that. I said it's not a requirement, again meaning it's not the primary factor in terms of body mechanics. See last answer... Could you be more technically specific here. I can also say I disagree with you, but you won't know why?? You lost me here... I think we both said the same thing here. What's the point. uhhhhh...It contracts muscles rapidly for pushing and lifting, like legs... With outside tension of the kees and lower body, you lift one leg, and this becomes the starting and driving force of this type of action. It's a slingshot effect like from a rubberband. Are you saying that you walk around and spar like a ballerina with both feet on the balls? Or is it that one foot is on the Ball, and the other foot is primarily flat? I'm willing to bet that one foot is flat. If so, the flat foot would be your supporting leg. Again, you assume that we too do not have one foot resting on the ball when sparring - which may only be a 1mm or 2mm of the heel raised in our case. But still, the other foot is solidly planted as the supporting leg of body weight. Again, you missed the point. The supporting leg can only be one leg in a non 50/50 stance. In a 50/50 stance, then both legs become the supporting factors equally. In an in-line stance, if that's what you are referring to, still the supporting leg is going to be one or both depending if the center of weight is forward or aft. Also, the supporting leg is always changing from front, to rear, to both, depending on what activity or actions you are doing. I'll be willing to bet it is and either you don't realize it or don't want to admit it. Zen Kutsu-dachi is pretty much a standard in any style I'v ever seen, and it's supposed to be generally a 60/40 weight distribution stance (60% to the front leg). You do this, the knee will most certainly have to be over the front toe for best stability in your stance. Othwise, you are not doing Zen Kutsu-dachi - and that doesn't matter what style you are taking. I believe I did site "Zen Kutsu-dachi?" Correct? I feel good that we agreed on something here. We're gaining ground here too... I figured that not everyone would agree with this one because many systems do what I call the "golfer's bend" (when picking up a ball and one leg sticking out for balance) when kicking. But believe it or not, you definately have a much more stable, balanced, faster, and powerful kick if the knee is bent when kicking. Not really, it's a pretty generic standard of body mechnics. If you truly break down that mechanics of what you truly are doing in your system or style, you'll see that there's really no difference. Perhaps a little more or less extreme on the outside movements, but the mechanics are just the same. You would have to site me some specific technical examples for me to consider a different side to this discussion. - Killer -

I don't see your reasoning here. Both legs in Kiba-dachi are equally supporting the weight. I think that's a pretty specific instance. It's also one of the few true 50/50 stances there are with the exception of ready position and free sparring position and maybe one or two other variations of these stances. And you guys are overlooking what the term "supporting" really means. 50/50 means to support equally. 60/40 stance means that the 60 and not the 40 becomes the supporting leg - it doesn't matter what style or type of stance you are doing. Same for a 70/30 stance or whatever... This is body mechanics that apply to all styles and it is definately not an assumption. Many Masters and Doctors have written on this subject. Perhaps a little home work might help? Different styles might do different things in terms of outside movements, but the inside movements and body mechanics are the same. I never argued that your body wouldn't lower if you bent your knees - I think that's pretty obvious. I said that bending your knees are not the determining factor of lowering your center of gravity. Only length or width of a stance determines this factor. Are you trying to tell me that if you go for a low stance of some type that your legs are not spread apart significantly in some fashion or another? I find it very hard to believe that they're not... - Killer -

OK, I give this time only. Why Do You Bend The Supporting Knee? First off, the key word in this quiz is the “supporting” knee. And actually, this could be plural in any 50/50 weight distributed stance. I’m not referring to bending knees in general. And I also admit that I could have worded the question better for clarification. However, I wanted everyone to think and discuss the question a bit first before giving hints or the answer. Since this is actually the first of what I hope are many Quiz Poll questions to follow, I threw it out there not knowing all the uproar is would create – which is great actually (but we are all usually up for some sparring now and then. No harm.). Although, the discussion wasn’t going the direction I was hoping it would… So, for discussion sake, a little more clarification on the question. The Supporting Knee is referring to the leg, or legs in an even stance, that supports most or all of the body’s weight. The knee(s) is usually, or is supposed to be, bent where the knee is just over the toe with a normal foot/feet when support of full body weight is required. To Lower Your Body's Center Of Gravity. This is not the correct answer. Lowering your center of gravity is actually determined by the length and width of a stance and is not determined by how much you bend. Although it is reasonable to say that by bending your knees you will lower your stance some, however this is not the primary factor to lower center of gravity of a stance. This is considering that your knees should never bend any more than it takes the knee to go over your front toe for weight support. To Allow Quick Change In Direction Of Movement. This is not the correct answer. Again, bending your knees is not a requirement to change direction of movement – although it does make for a more stable change in direction if the knees are at least slightly bent or more. This can be acquired by pivoting ball and or heel, coil and spring-off effect, shifting, etc. Yes, bending the knees is always a good thing, but not the primary factor for this answer. To Create The Coil And Spring-Off Effect Of An Action. This is not the correct answer. Although the knee(s) is generally bent when doing this action, it is not the driving force of this action and bending knees are not the primary factor of accomplishing this action. Most interpret the “Coil & Spring Effect” as requiring deep bending of the knees to spring off or out for distance. What is actually the primary driving force of this action is outside tension of the knees, along with an even weight distribution of the feet. With good outside tension on the feet, then with a quick contraction of the lower diaphragm, as you are contracting the forward directed foot, this also cause the rear foot to push off or propel you. The outside tension of the knees (and inside tension of the buttocks) acts like a stretched rubber band or coil spring, when the front foot is released, it’s as if you released the trigger or cut off one of your legs. Thus, you are rapidly propelled to the intended direction. To Distribute Your Body's Weight Over The Center Of The Foot. This is the CORRECT answer… When the supporting leg is straight, your body’s weight is on the heel. When the knee(s) is bent too far, the supporting weight is towards the ball of the foot/feet. Neither of these conditions provides a balanced condition in a stance or body action executed. However, when the supporting knee(s) is bent over the front toe, the body’s weight is evenly distributed across the foot. In the case of Zen Kutsu-dachi, most the weight is on the front foot (supporting leg) and that knee should be bent over the front toe. In the case of Ko Kutsu-dachi, most of the weight is on the rear foot (supporting leg) and the rear leg should be bent over the toe. Now with Kiba-dachi, you have a 50/50 weight distribution and both knees should be bent over the front toe (both legs supporting equal weight). In this case, you have a centered 50/50 stance from left to right, and by bending the knees over the front toes; you also have a 50/50 weight distribution forward and aft as well (two contact points for gripping of each foot instead of one). However, knees not properly bent, you will wobble in your stance. The same also applies when kicking. Many Karate-ka kick and wonder why they wobble when kicking? In the case of Mawashi-geri (round house), many kick with a straight leg. This causes the weight on the supporting foot to be loaded on the heel – thus a teeter-totter effect is the result. However, when kicking with the knee bent over the toe, you are stable, pivoting is a snap, the reaction force from the kick is properly passed through your body, solidly to the floor, and back to your target without a waver in your stance. So in light of the above answers is why I stated only one correct answer. Yes, they all are interlinked. But if you look at the primary function and key result of a body function or action, many times there is truly only one correct answer. Next time I will try to be more careful how the question is presented. There really was nothing wrong with the question and answers, but I could see the confusion of where I was coming from or going to with the question - which was another story. I didn’t want to clarify too much on the question and answer because my primary purpose was for everyone to just stop, think, and discuss what was presented to them. That didn’t happen… I’ll just write this one off as the first trial version. Master Jules has agreed to carry the torch for the November question – which I’m sure he learned a lot from this post as to what to do (or don’t do) on the next Quiz Poll question. And Master Jules, please don’t forget to click the “Add” button after typing the last “All Of The Above” answer… Also, when you complete your November question, choose and pass the torch to another member that is willing to participate. Also, let’s try to give good and complete explanations of the final answer when presented. Anyhow, this question is now officially open for discussion for the rest of the month. Feel free to ask me for any additional clarification on my question or answers. Also, feel free to discuss it further amongst yourselves. Your’s truly, - Killer Miller -