Azure I used to be a Shotokan man, and asked myself these questions many times. You have to bear in mind, however, that kata is just the building blocks of a fight, and should not be thought off as the *exact* techniques. In Pinan Sandan (I did it as Heian), the opening manoeuvres can be thought of as many things - blocks against double punches (would the opponent juts stand there after you have blocked him?) - double arm break (maybe, but arms don't break easily, and chances are u can do as much damage to yourself as you do to the opponent) I like to think of it as a hammerlock technique, with a headbutt to finish them off. I can't help you with any of the other katas.